Hedebo Embroidery and Flax

Growing Flax

Flax was cultivated on most of Denmark’s farms, where the soil was suitable. It was not known to be cultivated south of the Limfjord in West  Jutland, or on the infertile areas of Himmerland and Vendsyssel. In these areas linen was purchased, or wool was used. The farms were self sufficient in their production of clothing and textiles from their sheep and flax in the fields. The flax fields were sown in April or May and the seeds were sown close together. The closer the plants grew, the better the fibres. Everyone on the farm helped in the flax fields. The farm boys, servant girls and children helped to weed the flax before it became too long. It took a whole day for 10 people to weed 1.5 acres of land, because the weeding had to be done very carefully to prevent damaging the fragile flax. Flax was very important. An old superstition was that one would never lack clothing if one always greeted the flax field when passing. The farmer gave the servant girls a small plot of land to cultivate their own flax and this was part of their wages.

The Flax plant

Flax has been known in Denmark since the Stone Age. It is one of the oldest plants used for the production of linen fabric. Until approximately 1900, nearly all the farms in Denmark had large fields of flax to produce their own linen for sheets, tablecloths, shirts and shifts (a type of undergarment for men and women). Today, Denmark imports linen from e.g. the Baltic countries.

There are 2 types of flax: 1) Oil flax, used for the production of linseed oil. 2) Linen flax, used to produce linen. The word linen is derived from the Latin for the flax plant, which is linum, and the earlier Greek linon, and this has given rise to a number of other terms e.g. linseed oil. Linen flax is an annual plant and can grow to a height of 90cm. The plant has small blue flowers.

The drawing shows a cross section of a flax stem. Linen fabric and linen thread are produced from the plant’s fibres, called the fibre bundles.

Harvest

Flax was harvested when the seed capsules become yellow. This occurred midway through the corn harvest, around August. An early harvest produced a finer quality of linen. The flax was shaken and pulled up by hand, with the roots intact. It was left to dry in the field and first driven home to the farm after the corn harvest. At the farm the seeds were removed with a ripple, which is a rough comb with tightly spaced wooden or metal teeth. The seeds were stored for sowing the next year.

Retting

The next stage was called retting. It decomposed the cellular matter holding the fibre bundles and separated the fibres from the rest of the plant. Retting caused the outer surface of the flax stalk to become porous. There were 2 methods of retting.

The first was called Dew Retting, where the flax straw was laid in thin layers on the field and left for 4 to 8 weeks. The straw was turned a couple of times during the retting to ensure that each straw came into contact with the earth, where the decomposition was faster.

The second method was called Water Retting. The flax was held underwater by a stone or turf of grass. This method took only 7 to 14 days, depending on the temperature.

After the retting stage, the straw was dried in the field and driven home to the farm for storage in a dry and airy site, before the next stage of the procedure.

Breaking

The flax was thoroughly dried, using a flax oven or a drying pit. The flax oven was a large brick oven, which was placed a safe distance from the farm, because of fire hazard. Often the farms had a common oven. Drying pits were deep holes in the ground with a fire in the bottom and a grid over the top. The flax was placed on the grid to dry.

After the flax was completely dried it had to be broken using a flax breaker. This was a large wooden chopping device with over and under jaws. Bundles of flax were pounded and broken by the blades from the root to the top. The flax was then bound into small bundles and stored dry. This procedure required a lot of hands and often the farms shared the task. It was customary to hold a “break party” with good food, alcohol and dancing to celebrate the completion of the task.

Scutching

The next stage, scutching, involved placing the flax on a slotted, vertical wooden board and beating it with a scutching bat to remove the broken straw. This was done by the women, working together in groups. Strong arm muscles developed after a day of scutching, and the women often celebrated the completion of their task with a scutching party.

The residue from scutching was called boon and was a mixture of straw and a little fibre. This was later spun to give a very coarse linen textile, used for example in the manufacture of sacks.

Scutching boards and bats were often beautifully decorated and were often given as tokens of love by men to their respective future wives. Scutching machines were developed from the mid 1800’s, making the task much easier. The machine had four wooden blades that were set in movement by a handle. Machines were also developed that were driven by horse power, and often several farmers from a village would share the cost of this machine. Eventually the job was done by professional flax swingers, who travelled from one village to another with their own equipment.

Hackling

Hackling was necessary before the fibres could be spun. This can be compared to combing long hair, and it produced linen fibres that were fine and shiny. In Danish the term is called “hegle” and can refer to a rough, arrogant woman. To “hegle igennem” in Danish is somewhat similar to “tear a strip off” in English.

The hackle was a block with several rows of iron pins and it was mounted on a board. Firstly the linen was pulled through a rough hackle and the waste from the rough hackle, the tow, was used for example, to make rough clothing.  Next a hackle with finer and closer set pins was used, and the finer the hackle, the finer was the resulting linen thread that could be spun. The very finest of linen thread was produced from pulling 2 strands several times through the finest hackle. Hedebo Embroidery was only worked with the finest threads.

The hackled linen was gathered in locks and formed into wreaths. The wreaths were often hung in the back room until the linen was spun. Many linen wreaths were an indication of prosperity.

Spinning

It was the task of the housewife to spin both wool and linen yarns on her spinning wheel. Spinning wheels were in use from the 1600’s and prior to this a spindle was used. Wool was spun before Christmas, and the linen was spun after Christmas. Linen benefitted from the storage period in order to regain its elasticity after the harsh treatment involved in the production of linen from flax. An old Danish saying is that, “With keeping, old linen turns to silk and wool to mud”.

It required great skill to spin linen and took a young girl several years to master the technique. Firstly she learned to spin wool and then she trained with the tow from the hackling process for 4 or 5 years until she was allowed to spin the fine linen. The most difficult thread to spin was the very fine linen thread used for the Hedebo Embroidery.

Washing and bleaching

Linen is by nature grey-brown, but with bleaching in the sun it can become snow white. It was first bleached after spinning, where the thread was washed in a solution of water and fine ashes from pure beech wood. The same method was used for washing linen clothing. Finally the yarn was rinsed and beaten with a washing bat before being hung on a stand to complete the bleaching in the sun. Bleaching took place from March to mid summer, where the sun was strongest. The linen yarn was then ready to weave.

Weaving

The bleached linen thread was woven into linen fabric. The thread was delivered to the weaver. In rural districts, a small holder or his wife would earn a little extra by weaving for the village farms.

Bleaching marks

After weaving, the linen fabric was bleached once more. Bed linen, table linen and clothing had to be pure white. They were washed in a solution of ash and spread out in long lines on a grass meadow. Straps were sewn on to the fabric enabling it to be pegged to the ground with wooden pegs. The linen lay for some time in the field and it was necessary to prevent geese and cattle from walking over the fabric. It was also important to guard the linen from thieves, and in some regions young girls or farmhands kept guard over the fabric during the night. This could not have been an enjoyable task.

When the fabric was sufficiently bleached, it was rolled up and stored for sewing in the farmhouse chests. The chests stood in the cool back room of the farmhouse and the more chests, the better! They were the equivalent to a bank box and contained a great deal of the material wealth of the farm, which was indeed valuable. There was linen cloth, fine clothing, Hedebo Embroidery, bed linen and linsey- woolsey (combination fabric often striped, with linen warp and wool weave). At the end of the 1800’s the value of a farm’s household textiles was calculated to be equivalent to 16 cattle.